Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Identification and characterization of novel antimicrobial peptides from Camelus dromedarius : a combined bioinformatics and experimental study

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1745714

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antibacterial activity of identified peptides against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Colony forming units (CFU) of (A) S. aureus ATCC 25923, (B) MRSA ATCC 700699, (C) E. coli ATCC 25922, (D) E. coli MDR, and (E, F) K . pneumoniae ATCC 1706 and ATCC 1705 were presented to eight concentrations of LL-37, CdPMAP-23, CdPG-3, and CdCATH for 3 h at 37°C. After serial dilutions and overnight incubation on LB agar, the colonies of surviving bacteria were counted, (PBS as negative control), data is presented as Mean Log 10 CFU/ml, P value: 0.05>(*), 0.01>(**), 0.001> (***), 0.0001>(****).

Article Snippet: Regarding MRSA ATCC 700699, LL-37 had a notable effect starting at 10 μM, reducing growth by 0.2 log 10 (p<0.05) and reaching 0.48 log 10 at 160 μM (p<0.0001).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Bacteria, Incubation, Negative Control

Journal: Journal of Innate Immunity

Article Title: A Common Genetic Variation in Langerin (CD207) Compromises Cellular Uptake of Staphylococcus aureus

doi: 10.1159/000500547

Figure Lengend Snippet: Strains used in this study [ 12 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]

Article Snippet: S. pyogenes MGAS315 [ 12 ] (Table ) was grown overnight at 37°C without agitation in 5 mL THB (Becton Dickinson) supplemented with 1% yeast extract (Oxoid). table ft1 table-wrap mode="anchored" t5 Table 1 caption a7 Strain Source S. aureus USA300 (NRS384, CC8) NARSA strain collection S. aureus USA300 Δ tarM (WTA α-GlcNAc deficient) [ 32 ] S. aureus Newman (CC8) ATCC, cat. No. 13420 S. aureus Newman Δ spa Δ sbi pCM29 (sGFP expressing) [ 12 ] S. aureus 82086 (CC398) [ 32 ] S. aureus PS66 (CC30) Udo Bläsi, Vienna S. aureus MW2 (CC1) [ 33 ] S. aureus Wood46 (CC97) ATCC, cat. No. 10832 S. aureus Mu50 (CC5) [ 33 ] S. aureus P68 (CC25) Udo Bläsi, Vienna S. aureus NRS184 (CC22) NARSA strain collection S. aureus JH1 (CC5) [ 34 ] S. pyogenes MGAS315 [ 35 ] Open in a separate window Strains used in this study [ 12 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ] Production of Recombinant Langerin Extracellular Domains The extracellular domains of truncated human langerin (residues 148–328) and SNP variants thereof were recombinantly expressed from codon-optimized constructs containing a C-terminal TEV cleavage site followed by a Strep-tag II cloned into pUC19 expression vectors, expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3; Thermo Fisher), purified and labeled as described previously [ 3 ].

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: The combination of diethyldithiocarbamate and copper ions is active against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms in vitro and in vivo

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.999893

Figure Lengend Snippet: Minimal inhibitory concentration of the antibiotics methicillin (Meth), ceftazidime (Ceft), ciprofloxacin (Cip), vancomycin (Van), doxycycline (Doxy), amikacin (Amik), erythromycin (Erythro) and the compounds diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) and Cu 2+ towards planktonic S. aureus , MRSA, S. epidermidis , E. coli and P. aeruginosa.

Article Snippet: Bioflux plates were primed with 350 μl half-strength tryptone soy broth (TSB, BD, Sparks, MD, United States) and inoculated with 70 μl of a bacterial overnight culture (either MRSA Mu50 or S. epidermidis ATCC 35984) adjusted to OD 600 of 0.2.

Techniques: Concentration Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: The combination of diethyldithiocarbamate and copper ions is active against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms in vitro and in vivo

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.999893

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) and Cu 2+ concentrations (in μg/ml) on the viability of (A) MRSA Mu50, (B) MRSA 2, (C) Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984 and (D) S. epidermidis ATCC 14990 biofilms compared to monotherapy with Cu 2+ ( n = 3; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001).

Article Snippet: Bioflux plates were primed with 350 μl half-strength tryptone soy broth (TSB, BD, Sparks, MD, United States) and inoculated with 70 μl of a bacterial overnight culture (either MRSA Mu50 or S. epidermidis ATCC 35984) adjusted to OD 600 of 0.2.

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: The combination of diethyldithiocarbamate and copper ions is active against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms in vitro and in vivo

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.999893

Figure Lengend Snippet: Synergistic effects of diethyldithiocarbamate in combination with Cu 2+ against S. aureus, MRSA and S. epidermidis biofilms.

Article Snippet: Bioflux plates were primed with 350 μl half-strength tryptone soy broth (TSB, BD, Sparks, MD, United States) and inoculated with 70 μl of a bacterial overnight culture (either MRSA Mu50 or S. epidermidis ATCC 35984) adjusted to OD 600 of 0.2.

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: The combination of diethyldithiocarbamate and copper ions is active against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms in vitro and in vivo

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.999893

Figure Lengend Snippet: Minimal concentration to kill over 80% biofilm and synergistic effects of antibiotics, diethyldithiocarbamate and Cu 2+ (DDC-Cu 2+ ) and the combination against MRSA Mu50 ( n = 3).

Article Snippet: Bioflux plates were primed with 350 μl half-strength tryptone soy broth (TSB, BD, Sparks, MD, United States) and inoculated with 70 μl of a bacterial overnight culture (either MRSA Mu50 or S. epidermidis ATCC 35984) adjusted to OD 600 of 0.2.

Techniques: Concentration Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: The combination of diethyldithiocarbamate and copper ions is active against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms in vitro and in vivo

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.999893

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparison of stained MRSA Mu50 and S. epidermidis ATCC 35984 biofilms with LIVE/DEAD BacLight staining after treatment with 8 μg/ml diethyldithiocarbamate and 32 μg/ml Cu 2+ (DDC-Cu 2+ ). Confocal microscopy images results: green = viable bacteria; red = dead bacteria. (A) Untreated S. epidermidis ATCC 35984 biofilm at 20×. S. epidermidis ATCC 35984 biofilm after treatment with DDC-Cu 2+ at (B) 20× and (D) 100×. (C) Quantification of images as green/red ratio of untreated control (black) and treatment with DDC-Cu 2+ (grey) of MRSA and S. epidermidis ATCC 35984 biofilms ( n = 3–8; *** p < 0.001).

Article Snippet: Bioflux plates were primed with 350 μl half-strength tryptone soy broth (TSB, BD, Sparks, MD, United States) and inoculated with 70 μl of a bacterial overnight culture (either MRSA Mu50 or S. epidermidis ATCC 35984) adjusted to OD 600 of 0.2.

Techniques: Staining, Confocal Microscopy

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: The combination of diethyldithiocarbamate and copper ions is active against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms in vitro and in vivo

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.999893

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of 8 μg/ml diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC; orange), 32 μg/ml Cu 2+ (blue) and combined DDC-Cu 2+ (grey) on (A) the cell index of MRSA Mu50 and (C) S. epidermidis ATCC 35984 over 48 h compared to the untreated control (black). Comparison of the mean cell index between 12 and 48 h for each treatment of (B) MRSA Mu50 and (D) S. epidermidis ATCC 35984 ( n > 3; *** p < 0.001).

Article Snippet: Bioflux plates were primed with 350 μl half-strength tryptone soy broth (TSB, BD, Sparks, MD, United States) and inoculated with 70 μl of a bacterial overnight culture (either MRSA Mu50 or S. epidermidis ATCC 35984) adjusted to OD 600 of 0.2.

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: The combination of diethyldithiocarbamate and copper ions is active against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms in vitro and in vivo

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.999893

Figure Lengend Snippet: Monitoring of MRSA Mu50 biofilm formation over 24 h when left untreated or treated with a combination of 8 μg/ml diethyldithiocarbamate and 32 μg/ml Cu 2+ combination (DDC-Cu 2+ ) using the Bioflux system. Scale bar represents 50 μm.

Article Snippet: Bioflux plates were primed with 350 μl half-strength tryptone soy broth (TSB, BD, Sparks, MD, United States) and inoculated with 70 μl of a bacterial overnight culture (either MRSA Mu50 or S. epidermidis ATCC 35984) adjusted to OD 600 of 0.2.

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: The combination of diethyldithiocarbamate and copper ions is active against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms in vitro and in vivo

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.999893

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of diethyldithiocarbamate [DDC; orange; 8 μg/ml (A) , 6.4 mg/kg (B–D) ], Cu 2+ [blue; 32 μg/ml (A) , 25.6 mg/kg (B–D) ] and DDC-Cu 2+ (grey) on (A) fibroblast viability ( n = 3), on (B) probability of Galleria mellonella survival (30/group; n = 120), on the probability of survival of Galleria mellonella infected with (C) MRSA Mu50 (30/group; n = 120), and (D) infected with S. epidermidis ATCC 35984 (30/group; n = 120; NS = not significant; * p < 0.05; *** p < 0.001).

Article Snippet: Bioflux plates were primed with 350 μl half-strength tryptone soy broth (TSB, BD, Sparks, MD, United States) and inoculated with 70 μl of a bacterial overnight culture (either MRSA Mu50 or S. epidermidis ATCC 35984) adjusted to OD 600 of 0.2.

Techniques: Infection

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: New Biscoumarin Derivatives: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Theoretical Study and Antibacterial Activity against Staphylococcus aureus

doi: 10.3390/molecules191219868

Figure Lengend Snippet: MIC of compounds 1 – 5 and antibiotics in Mueller-Hinton Broth Culture.

Article Snippet: Four S. aureus bacterial strains, including one drug-sensitive S. aureus ( S. aureus ATCC 29213) strain and three MRSA strains (MRSA XJ 75302, Mu50, USA 300 LAC), were used in the systematic analysis of the antibacterial activities of compounds 1 – 5 in vitro .

Techniques:

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: New Biscoumarin Derivatives: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Theoretical Study and Antibacterial Activity against Staphylococcus aureus

doi: 10.3390/molecules191219868

Figure Lengend Snippet: Concentration-dependent inhibition of compound 1 on the growth of S. aureus ATCC 29213, MRSA XJ 75302, Mu50, and MRSA USA 300 LAC. The cells were cultured in liquid culture medium and treated with different concentrations of compound 1 .

Article Snippet: Four S. aureus bacterial strains, including one drug-sensitive S. aureus ( S. aureus ATCC 29213) strain and three MRSA strains (MRSA XJ 75302, Mu50, USA 300 LAC), were used in the systematic analysis of the antibacterial activities of compounds 1 – 5 in vitro .

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Inhibition, Cell Culture

Journal: FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology

Article Title: Vancomycin promotes the bacterial autolysis, release of extracellular DNA, and biofilm formation in vancomycin-non-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus

doi: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00846.x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 1. Effect of vancomycin treatment on biofilm formation. Vancomycin significantly promoted biofilm formation in strains SJC1200 and Mu50. Strain SA113 was used as a biofilm-positive control. Adherent cells were stained with safranin and quantified by measuring the A490 nm. Numerals in brackets represent vancomycin concentrations used to treat Mu50. Van, vancomycin. *P < 0.05.

Article Snippet: Bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study Strain or plasmid Description Reference or source Strains Escherichia coli DH5a General molecular cloning and plasmids reservation Invitrogen Enterococcus faecalis HIP12467 pAM830::Tn1546; VanR NARSA, Flannagan et al. (2003) Staphylococcus aureus RN4220 Plasmids reservation NARSA SA113 PIA-producing control strain Kristian et al. (2004) ATCC 12598 Standard strain ATCC Mu50 Vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) strain NARSA SJC1200 ATCC 12598/pG1546; VanR This study SJC1201 SJC1200, DcidA::spc; VanR, SpcR This study STA173 Clinical isolate; Van MIC = 2 lg mL 1 CGMH STA198 Clinical isolate; Van MIC = 1.5 lg mL 1 CGMH Plasmids pGHL6 E. coli/S. aureus shuttle vector Lin et al. (1999) pG1546 pGHL6/DluxAB::van operon This study pMAD Vector for allelic replacement Arnaud et al. (2004) pMAcid pMAD/cidA::spc This study VanR, vancomycin resistant; SpcR, spectinomycin resistant; NARSA, Network on Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus; CGMH, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital.

Techniques: Positive Control, Staining

Journal: FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology

Article Title: Vancomycin promotes the bacterial autolysis, release of extracellular DNA, and biofilm formation in vancomycin-non-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus

doi: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00846.x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 2. SEM of static biofilm formation. Biofilm formation by strains with or without vancomycin treatment in strains SJC1200 and Mu50. Vancomycin concentrations used to treat SJC1200 and Mu50 were 64 and 4 lg mL1, respectively. Photographs were taken at magnifications as indicated.

Article Snippet: Bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study Strain or plasmid Description Reference or source Strains Escherichia coli DH5a General molecular cloning and plasmids reservation Invitrogen Enterococcus faecalis HIP12467 pAM830::Tn1546; VanR NARSA, Flannagan et al. (2003) Staphylococcus aureus RN4220 Plasmids reservation NARSA SA113 PIA-producing control strain Kristian et al. (2004) ATCC 12598 Standard strain ATCC Mu50 Vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) strain NARSA SJC1200 ATCC 12598/pG1546; VanR This study SJC1201 SJC1200, DcidA::spc; VanR, SpcR This study STA173 Clinical isolate; Van MIC = 2 lg mL 1 CGMH STA198 Clinical isolate; Van MIC = 1.5 lg mL 1 CGMH Plasmids pGHL6 E. coli/S. aureus shuttle vector Lin et al. (1999) pG1546 pGHL6/DluxAB::van operon This study pMAD Vector for allelic replacement Arnaud et al. (2004) pMAcid pMAD/cidA::spc This study VanR, vancomycin resistant; SpcR, spectinomycin resistant; NARSA, Network on Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus; CGMH, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital.

Techniques:

Journal: FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology

Article Title: Vancomycin promotes the bacterial autolysis, release of extracellular DNA, and biofilm formation in vancomycin-non-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus

doi: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00846.x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 3. Bacterial live/dead staining and CLSM of static biofilms. Biofilm formation in strains SJC1200 and Mu50 with or without vancomycin treatment was observed under (a) the time course of the bacterial live/dead staining and (b) CLSM. Vancomycin concentrations were the same as in Fig. 2. Photographs were taken at a magnification of 9400.

Article Snippet: Bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study Strain or plasmid Description Reference or source Strains Escherichia coli DH5a General molecular cloning and plasmids reservation Invitrogen Enterococcus faecalis HIP12467 pAM830::Tn1546; VanR NARSA, Flannagan et al. (2003) Staphylococcus aureus RN4220 Plasmids reservation NARSA SA113 PIA-producing control strain Kristian et al. (2004) ATCC 12598 Standard strain ATCC Mu50 Vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) strain NARSA SJC1200 ATCC 12598/pG1546; VanR This study SJC1201 SJC1200, DcidA::spc; VanR, SpcR This study STA173 Clinical isolate; Van MIC = 2 lg mL 1 CGMH STA198 Clinical isolate; Van MIC = 1.5 lg mL 1 CGMH Plasmids pGHL6 E. coli/S. aureus shuttle vector Lin et al. (1999) pG1546 pGHL6/DluxAB::van operon This study pMAD Vector for allelic replacement Arnaud et al. (2004) pMAcid pMAD/cidA::spc This study VanR, vancomycin resistant; SpcR, spectinomycin resistant; NARSA, Network on Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus; CGMH, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital.

Techniques: Staining

Journal: FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology

Article Title: Vancomycin promotes the bacterial autolysis, release of extracellular DNA, and biofilm formation in vancomycin-non-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus

doi: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00846.x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 4. Detection of the changes in the transcription levels of selected biofilm-associated genes by qRT-PCR. Following vancomycin treatment, transcription levels of icaA, icaR, fnbA, spa, cidA, and lrgA were investigated over a time course by qRT-PCR in strains (a) SJC1200 or (b) Mu50. The fold change of each transcript was compared with vancomycin-untreated samples at each time point. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study Strain or plasmid Description Reference or source Strains Escherichia coli DH5a General molecular cloning and plasmids reservation Invitrogen Enterococcus faecalis HIP12467 pAM830::Tn1546; VanR NARSA, Flannagan et al. (2003) Staphylococcus aureus RN4220 Plasmids reservation NARSA SA113 PIA-producing control strain Kristian et al. (2004) ATCC 12598 Standard strain ATCC Mu50 Vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) strain NARSA SJC1200 ATCC 12598/pG1546; VanR This study SJC1201 SJC1200, DcidA::spc; VanR, SpcR This study STA173 Clinical isolate; Van MIC = 2 lg mL 1 CGMH STA198 Clinical isolate; Van MIC = 1.5 lg mL 1 CGMH Plasmids pGHL6 E. coli/S. aureus shuttle vector Lin et al. (1999) pG1546 pGHL6/DluxAB::van operon This study pMAD Vector for allelic replacement Arnaud et al. (2004) pMAcid pMAD/cidA::spc This study VanR, vancomycin resistant; SpcR, spectinomycin resistant; NARSA, Network on Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus; CGMH, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital.

Techniques: Quantitative RT-PCR

Journal: FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology

Article Title: Vancomycin promotes the bacterial autolysis, release of extracellular DNA, and biofilm formation in vancomycin-non-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus

doi: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00846.x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 5. Effect of vancomycin on PIA synthesis. Time course of PIA production in strains SJC1200, SJC1201, and Mu50 with or without vancomycin treatment. SA113 was used as a PIA-positive control.

Article Snippet: Bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study Strain or plasmid Description Reference or source Strains Escherichia coli DH5a General molecular cloning and plasmids reservation Invitrogen Enterococcus faecalis HIP12467 pAM830::Tn1546; VanR NARSA, Flannagan et al. (2003) Staphylococcus aureus RN4220 Plasmids reservation NARSA SA113 PIA-producing control strain Kristian et al. (2004) ATCC 12598 Standard strain ATCC Mu50 Vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) strain NARSA SJC1200 ATCC 12598/pG1546; VanR This study SJC1201 SJC1200, DcidA::spc; VanR, SpcR This study STA173 Clinical isolate; Van MIC = 2 lg mL 1 CGMH STA198 Clinical isolate; Van MIC = 1.5 lg mL 1 CGMH Plasmids pGHL6 E. coli/S. aureus shuttle vector Lin et al. (1999) pG1546 pGHL6/DluxAB::van operon This study pMAD Vector for allelic replacement Arnaud et al. (2004) pMAcid pMAD/cidA::spc This study VanR, vancomycin resistant; SpcR, spectinomycin resistant; NARSA, Network on Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus; CGMH, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital.

Techniques: Positive Control

Journal: FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology

Article Title: Vancomycin promotes the bacterial autolysis, release of extracellular DNA, and biofilm formation in vancomycin-non-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus

doi: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00846.x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 6. Effect of protease on biofilm formation. Biofilm stability against proteinase K or trypsin treatment in the presence or absence of vancomycin in strains SJC1200 and Mu50.

Article Snippet: Bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study Strain or plasmid Description Reference or source Strains Escherichia coli DH5a General molecular cloning and plasmids reservation Invitrogen Enterococcus faecalis HIP12467 pAM830::Tn1546; VanR NARSA, Flannagan et al. (2003) Staphylococcus aureus RN4220 Plasmids reservation NARSA SA113 PIA-producing control strain Kristian et al. (2004) ATCC 12598 Standard strain ATCC Mu50 Vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) strain NARSA SJC1200 ATCC 12598/pG1546; VanR This study SJC1201 SJC1200, DcidA::spc; VanR, SpcR This study STA173 Clinical isolate; Van MIC = 2 lg mL 1 CGMH STA198 Clinical isolate; Van MIC = 1.5 lg mL 1 CGMH Plasmids pGHL6 E. coli/S. aureus shuttle vector Lin et al. (1999) pG1546 pGHL6/DluxAB::van operon This study pMAD Vector for allelic replacement Arnaud et al. (2004) pMAcid pMAD/cidA::spc This study VanR, vancomycin resistant; SpcR, spectinomycin resistant; NARSA, Network on Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus; CGMH, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital.

Techniques:

Journal: FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology

Article Title: Vancomycin promotes the bacterial autolysis, release of extracellular DNA, and biofilm formation in vancomycin-non-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus

doi: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00846.x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 7. Effects of eDNA and different antibiotics on biofilm formation. (a) The effect of eDNA extracted from Enterococcus faecalis and human monocytes on biofilm formation in strains SA113, SJC1200, and Mu50. Treatments with DNase I, eDNA, and vancomycin are indicated. EfDNA and HmDNA: genomic DNA from Enterococcus faecalis and human monocyte. #Treatment of DNase I to the established biofilm for 1 h. (b) The effect of vancomycin and eDNA on biofilm formation of a cidA-deficient strain SJC1201. SJC1200 was used as a control. The treatment of vancomycin and EfDNA is indicated. (c) The effect of antibiotics with distinct modes of action on biofilm formation in strain Mu50. AM, ampicillin; OX, oxacillin; KA, kanamycin; CIP, ciprofloxacin; CS, colistin; SPC, spectinomycin. Numerals adjacent to each antibiotic denote the concentration used in this study. *P < 0.05.

Article Snippet: Bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study Strain or plasmid Description Reference or source Strains Escherichia coli DH5a General molecular cloning and plasmids reservation Invitrogen Enterococcus faecalis HIP12467 pAM830::Tn1546; VanR NARSA, Flannagan et al. (2003) Staphylococcus aureus RN4220 Plasmids reservation NARSA SA113 PIA-producing control strain Kristian et al. (2004) ATCC 12598 Standard strain ATCC Mu50 Vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) strain NARSA SJC1200 ATCC 12598/pG1546; VanR This study SJC1201 SJC1200, DcidA::spc; VanR, SpcR This study STA173 Clinical isolate; Van MIC = 2 lg mL 1 CGMH STA198 Clinical isolate; Van MIC = 1.5 lg mL 1 CGMH Plasmids pGHL6 E. coli/S. aureus shuttle vector Lin et al. (1999) pG1546 pGHL6/DluxAB::van operon This study pMAD Vector for allelic replacement Arnaud et al. (2004) pMAcid pMAD/cidA::spc This study VanR, vancomycin resistant; SpcR, spectinomycin resistant; NARSA, Network on Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus; CGMH, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital.

Techniques: Control, Concentration Assay